Problem Vocabulary And Prepositions

problem vocabulary and prepositions this section contains information and exercise on commonly misused words, confusingly related words, use of pre[osition  and two words vwebs, with each section are example sentences and exercises, the answers to the exercises will be found at the end of this section.

the following suggestion will be useful in helping you improve ytour vocabulary.

1.      read well-written books,magazines, and newspapers, magazines such astimes and newsweek.

2.      look up every word that are unfamiliar to you in the practice test in this book and in other reading material. keep a notebook of an familiar words, write the word,the definition,and an original sentences in your notebook and study it often.

3.      study the problem vocabulary items and two-word verbs (verbal idioms) in this book.

4.      review your vocabulary word notebook often,repetition will help you to remember the meaning of difficult words.

Commonly Misused Words

The following words are often misused by native English speakers as well as nonnative speakers. Sometimes the spellings are so similar that people fail to distinguish between them. Others are pronounced exactly the same, but they are spelled differently and have different meanings. Words in the latter category are called homonyms. Study the words, parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.), definitions, and sample sentences in this list.

·         ANGEL (noun) - a spiritual or heavenly being. The Christmas card portrayed a choir of angels hovering over the shepherds.

·         ANGLE (noun) - a figure formed by two lines meeting at a common point. The carpenters placed the planks at right angles.

·         CITE (verb) - quote as an example. In her term paper, Janis had to cite many references.

·         SITE (noun) - location. The corner of North Main and Mimosa Streets will be the site of the new shopping center.

·         SIGHT (a) (noun) - a device used to assist aim (of a gun or telescope). Through the sight of the rifle, the soldier spotted the enemy, (b) (noun) - view. Watching the landing of the space capsule was a pleasant sight, (c) (verb) - see. We sighted a ship in the bay.

·         COSTUME (noun) - clothing, typical style of dress. We all decided to wear colonial costumes to the Fourth of July celebration.

·         CUSTOM (noun) - a practice that is traditionally followed by a particular group of people. It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear short pants to school.

·         DECENT (adjective) - respectable or suitable. When one appears in court, one must wear decent clothing.

·         DESCENT (noun) (a) - downward motion. The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent, (b) - lineage. Vladimir is of Russian descent.

·         DESSERT (noun) (desert) - the final course of a meal, usually something sweet. We had apple pie for dessert last night.

·         DESERT (noun) (desert) - a hot, dry place. It is difficult to survive in the desert without water.

·         DESERT (verb) (desert) - abandon. After deserting his post, the soldier ran away from the camp.

·         LATER (adverb) - a time in the future or following a previous action. We went to the movies and later had ice cream at Dairy Isle.

·         LATTER (adjective) - last of two things mentioned. Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World War II, the latter primarily for coastal reconnaissance, (latter = England).

·         LOOSE (adjective) - opposite of tight. After dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had to buy a new wardrobe.

·         LOSE (verb) (a) - to be unable to find something. Mary lost her glasses last week. (b) - opposite of win. If Harry doesn’t practice his tennis more, he may lose the match.

·         PASSED (verb - past tense of pass) (a) - elapse. Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict, (b) - go by or beyond. While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us. (c) - succeed. The students are happy that they passed their exams.

  

Confusingly Related Word

Select the word in parentheses that completes the meaning in each sentence

1.      Betty’s insulting remark greatly (effected/affected) Kurt, who is a very sensitive person.

2.      Detroit manufacturers hope to develop an easily attachable (device/devise) for the carburetor to improve gas mileage.

3.      While doing the experiment, we asked the lab technician’s (advice/advise).

4.      After declaring bankruptcy, the company was forced to (liquefy/ liquidate) its assets.

5.      Keith’s company’s headquarters were (formerly/formally) located in Philadelphia.

6.      (Especially/Special) attention must be given to the questions at the end of each chapter.

7.      George was (among/between) those students selected to participate in the debate.

8.      They were (already/all ready) to leave when a telegram arrived.

Prepositions
Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to.

Prepositions typically come before a noun: 

For example: 

* after class * at home * before Tuesday * in London * on fire * with pleasure

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence. 

For example: 

* The book is on the table. * The book is beside the table. * She read the book during class. 

In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time

Verbal Idioms

A group of words (phrases) that are combined so that it creates a new meaning & is different from its forming words

Example:

"Under the weather" - not feeling well.

I can not go to work today, I'm a bit under the weather.

Another example:

"Add fuel to the fire" - makes things worse.

That's enough! You're only adding fuel to the fire!

Common Combination And Preposition

1.      Common Verb and Preposition Combinations

Verbs and prepositions are also used in common phrases. The verb generally goes in front of the preposition.

Do you agree to the new guidelines?

You get what you pay for.

It’s easy to fall in love with big, silly dogs.

I have no doubt about the outcome of the vote.

He delights in telling jokes about Texas and Texans.

That remark was in bad taste and I don’t intend to reply to it!

Miller is substituting for Brown in tomorrow’s game.

2.      Common Adjective and Preposition Combinations

Adjectives and prepositions are commonly used in phrases. The adjective usually goes before the preposition. 

He was found guilty of fraud and tax evasion.

Students often get worried about writing exams.

Mary won’t have children; she is in love with her black lab.

The world felt sorry for the victims of the tsunami.

Jamila is good at songwriting and painting.

There are many health risks associated with smoking.

Chocolate and red wine are actually good for your heart!

Sumber:

https://ahmadmuchtaroby77.wordpress.com/2016/03/31/use-of-preposition-common-combination-and-preposition/

http://julea1617.blogspot.co.id/2014/06/problem-vocabulary-and-preposition.html

http://coupdegrace96.blogspot.co.id/2016/06/problem-vocabulary-and-preposition.html

STYLE In WRITTEN ENGLISH

PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

Adjective is the adjective and its function to explain the noun. Participial adjective is adjective in V + ing form (Present Participle) and V + ed (Past Participle).

Example of Participles As Adjectives:

1.      So much work was (overwhelming). The staff are (overwhelmed)

(So ​​much work is (excessive) Staff (overwhelmed)).

2.      I was so (entertained) by the movie. The movie was very (entertaining).

(I am so (entertained) by the film This movie is very (entertaining)).

3.      THE directionsTO THE HOTEL was (confusing). The driver was (confused).

4.      (Direction to this hotel (confusing) .The driver was (confused)

5.       

REDUNDANCY

Are unnecessary words in a sentence. Redundancy is an unnecessary repetition of ideas.

1. Unnecessary use of words or phrases.

·         Redundant: The room was red in color.

·         Right: The room was red

2. Unnecessary noun or pronoun repetition.

·         Redundant: .Thelma she ran into her room and slammed the door.

·         Right: Thelma ran into her room and slammed the door.

3. The use of phrases that are too extravagant that there are actually adverbs that can be used.

·         Wordy: He looked at me in a threatening manner.

·         Solid: He looked at me threateningly.

PARALEL CONTRUCTION

Correlative Conjunction is a commonly used hyphen in order to express parallel and synchronous relationships between two words or clauses such as subject, object and other clauses. The nature of the relationship of both is usually grammatically parallel (parallel position) that is why this material is usually called Parallel Construction.

Example Parallel Contruction:

1.      You should study hard otherwise you will be behind behind.

(You must study hard otherwise you will be left behind).

2.      I will go unless it rains.

(I will go unless it rains).

3.      I like either singing songs or playing music.

(I like songs either singing or playing music).

DIRECT OBJECT

A direct object answers the question "what?" Or "whom?"

Examples:

1.      David repaired his car → his car is the direct object of the verb repaired. (What did David repair?)

2.      He invited Mary to the party → Mary is the direct object of the verb invited. (Whom did he invite?)

INDIRECT OBJECT

An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "For whom?", "For what?" ...

An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. In other words an indirect object can not exist without a direct object.

Examples:

1.      They sent him a postcard - it is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To whom did they send a postcard?)

2.      He bought his son a bike - his son is the indirect object of the verb bought. (For whom did he buy a bike?)

Sumber :

Fanani, Achmad. ,2009. Tips-tips terbaik lolos TOEFL, Jogjakarta: Mitra Pelajar.

http://englishtips4u.com/2011/11/16/engclass-participial-adjectives/

http://efatzwa.blogspot.com/2013/06/my-task-parallel-construction-both-and.html

http://britishicca.blogspot.com/2013/01/elliptic-and-parallel-construction.html

STYLE IN WRITTEN ENGLISH

Question Tags

(Strict Questions) is a short question at the end of a statement sentence that serves to reinforce the statement in question.

Example:

1.      He's a doctor, is not he?

2.      You are not happy, are you?

3.      Mary is not here, is she?

Sequence Of Tenses

If there are two events that occur in direct sequence, then the tenses used are concrete past and simple past.

Characteristics: there is no time lag and there is usually a cause

Example:

1.      after he closed the door, he went to bed

2.      After she arrived, the bus left

Conjunction: after, before, when, as soon as

If there are two events that occur in an indirect sequence, then the tenses used are past perfect and simple past.

Characteristics: the first event in the sentence uses the past perfect, and the second incident uses past tense.

Example:

1.      they went on holiday after they had taken an exam

2.      Before the police came, the thief had left

Conjunction: as soon as, after, before, when

If there is a first occurrence has lasted some time at a certain time duration when the second incident occurred, then the tenses used are past perfect continuous and simple past.

Example:

1.      when I visited her yesterday, she had been studying for two hours

2.      They had been playing futsal for an hour when we came

If the first occurrence takes place when the second incident occurs, then the tenses used are past continuous and simple past.

Example:

1.      I was watching TV while she knocked at the door

2.      I was writing a letter when my mother called me

Conjunction: when, while, as

If there are two events that occur simultaneously then used tenses are past continuous and past continuous.

Example:

1.      my father was reading magazine while my mother was cooking

2.      I was studying when my brother was sleeping

SAY OR TELL

Say and Tell have slightly different meanings, namely "say" and "say". In Grammar (English), especially in the topic Reported Speech, both have different patterns.

Say and Tell example:

1.      Would you come with us tomorrow

(Will you come with us tomorrow?).

2.      He asked me if I want to go with them the following day.

(He asked me if I would go with them the next day).

3.      I did not do it! (I did not do it!)

He said that he had not done it. (He said that he did not do it).

4.      I'll bring the book back tomorrow. 

(I'll bring the book back tomorrow)

5.      She said that she would bring the book back the following day

(He said he would bring the book back the next day).

ANTECENDENES OF PRONOUN

Pronoun is a word used to replace noun, noun phrase, noun clause, other pronoun, or any other construction acting as noun. In a sentence, this word can refer to the previously mentioned noun. While antecedent is a word, phrase, or clause that is referenced or replaced by pronoun. In a sentence, usually antecedent is before pronoun.

Example Antecendenes Of Pronoun:

1.      To get rich, the man gave his money away to charity.

(To be rich, the man donates his money to charity).

2.      You should submit the report to your teacher immediately.

(You must submit the report to your teacher as soon as possible).

3.      Luna and Iin have decided to do their task.

(Luna and Iin have decided to rework their work).

DANGLING CONSTRUCTION

In English writing, dangling construction is a modifier that fails in a sentence. The task of the modifier is to describe in particular a word.

Example :

1.      "having read your letter, my cat will stay indoors until the ducklings fly off" in this meaning means that the cat is reading a letter when the author's true max is we will let the cat in the house as long as we read the letter. The proper modifier should be "having read your letter, we will keep our cat indoors until the ducklings fly off"

2.      "Meticulous and punctual, david's work ethic is admirable" modifier "meticulous and punctual" fails to explain "david" and instead explains "david's work ethic". The correct sentence is "meticulous and punctual, david has an admirable work ethic".

SUMBER :

http://masisan18.blogspot.com/2011/02/sequence-of-tense-konsep-dua-kejadian.html http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2012/12/pengertian-fungsi-contoh-question-tag.html

http://taqobahana.wordpress.com/2011/05/28/say-vs-tell/

http://www.wordsmile.com/pronoun-antecedent-agrement

http://ajengaf.blogspot.co.id/