Relative Clauses

Part of the sentence (clause) that gives information to the person or object that preceded it.

The term Relative Clause is similar to Adjective Clause. It is called Adjective Clause because it describes the object or person who preceded it. It is called Relative Clause because it connects (relays) the object or the person with the phrase behind it. Relative Clause begins with the liaison word who, whom, whose, which, that.

Example:

1.      The woman who wears the red dress is my aunt

2.      This is the bicycle that my father bought me yesterday

3.      The man whom we met is my father's friend

Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns are pronouns that refer to the antecedent that acts as a liaison in the sentence. Relative pronouns are usually placed at the beginning of a dependent clause or clause describing or providing additional information to an independent clause or main clause.

The pronouns used are: who, whom, whose, which, and that.

- The man who is sitting in the corner is my friend.

- The boy Who we are visiting is her boyfriend.

- The girl whose car was sold will go to study abroad.

- The filing cabinet, which we purchase last week, is very well built.

- The book that describes about the behavior of animal is expensive.

The word who, whom, whose, which, and that in the example above refers to the previous noun (the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, the book).

Nouns or pronouns such as the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, and the book are termed antecedents.

- Voters whose names the letters

- That photo is a reminder of someone who was very important to me.

- Hands up everyone who would like a drink.

- A mole is an animal that lives underground.

- He was accused of being drunk in charge of a vehicle, which is a serious offense.

To point to people, use relative pronouns: who, whom, whose and that.

- the man who spoke

- the man that spoke (though the usage is also true, who is more preferable as subject pronoun)

- the man that I saw

- the man whom I saw (although the usage is also true, that is better suggested as object pronoun)

To point to other objects or animals, use relative pronouns: which, that danwhose.

- the cat which was sitting on the mat

- the cat that was sitting on the mat

- the book whose cover was torn

- a book to which I refer

When pointing to a thing, of which can be used to replace its.

- a book the cover of which was torn

Expansion of relative pronouns with pronouns such as whoever, whomever, whatever is known as indefinite relative pronouns (relative pronouns without antecedent).

- The boy will tease whomever he likes.

- She said what came to mind.

- Let in whoever comes to me.

The word what can also be used as indefinite relative pronouns, for example:

- I will tell you what you need to know.

- I know what I like.

Restrictive Clause

Restrictive Clause is clause that limit or “restrict” nouns further. It is an important/highly information so it cannot be omitted from a sentence and it doesn’t use comma.

Example:

1.      The table which was made of marble has been repaired

In the first example, the essential idea is that the specific table which was made of marble has been repaired and not any of the other table.

2.      The fried chiken that taylor made was scorched.

In the second example, it is taylor’s fried chicken that is scorched and not anyone else’s fried chicken.

If the restrictive clauses are removed it becomes impossible to clarify what is being described.

Relative pronoun used in restrictive clauses are wh-pronoun or that:

	Subject	Object	Possessive
For persons	Who	Whom/who	Whose
	That	That
For things	Which	Which	Whose/of which
	That	That

a) restrictive clauses : for person

Subject   :  who or that

Example : 

1.      The woman who robbed you has been arrested.

The word woman explain that there is only one woman who robbed you.

2.      he runner who reached the finish was very tired.

3.      It means that only the runner who reached the finish was very tired, and the other runners who don’t reach the tip weren’t very tired.

Object of a verb : whom or who or that

Example :

The girl whom I saw told me to came back next week.

The word girl explain that there is only one girl whom I saw and will come back next week.

b) restrictive clauses : for thing

Subject

Which

Example :

This is the book which/that caused such a sensation.

Object of a verb

Which

Example :

The motorcycle which/that I hired broke down.

2. Non Restrictive Clauses

Non Restrictive Clauses is clauses that do not limit the reference of a noun. It is just addition information so it can be omitted from a sentence and doesnt change the original meaning of the sentence. Non-restrictive clause is set off from other clause by commas.

Examples :

1.      The man, who is 50 years old, helped me to cross the street this morning.

2.      My cat, which is fat, went away from my house.

In these examples, the non-restrictive clause may be removed from the sentence without preventing the reader from understanding the essential information being expressed. As well, in each case, the non-restrictive clause is separated from the main sentence with comma. These commas let the reader know that the information is extra and not grammatically essential.

Relative pronoun that used in non-restrictive clause is only wh-pronoun :

	Subject	Object	Possessive
For persons	Who	Whom/who	Whose
For things	Which	Which	Whose/of which

a) non-restrictive clause  : for person

Subject : who

Example:

1.      The hikers, who reached the top, were very tired.

It means that only the hikers who reached the top at that moment were very tired. But the other hikers were also very tired.

2.      john, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.

Non-restrictive clause there just additional information, don’t change the original meaning of the sentence.

Object  : whom, who

The pronoun cannot be omitted. Whom is the correct form, though who is sometimes used in conversations.

Example :

Justin, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent.

Possessive : whose

Example  :

 maria, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.

b) Non-restrictive clause : for thing

Subject   : which

Example :

The Titanic, which sank in April 1912, is the subject of a recent movie.

Object     : which

Example :

she gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself.

It means that she give her jumper which she had knitted herself.

Possesive : whose or of which

Example   :

His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sigh.

It means that only one house whose windows were all broken.

  

This is the table of differences between restrictive and Non-restrictive clause.

Restrictive clause	Non-restrictive Clause
Wh-pronoun or that	Only wh-pronoun
Highly relevant information	Additional information
Comma cannot suround it/ do not use comma	Commas may suround it/use comma
Cannot be omitted from a sentence	Can be omitted from a sentence

Sumber:

http://www.e-sbmptn.com/2014/11/pengertian-relative-clause-dan contohnya.html#ixzz4fKbTOj1i

http://www.e-sbmptn.com/2014/11/pengertian-relative-clause-dan contohnya.html#ixzz4fKbE7XAc

http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.co.id/2009/04/relative-pronouns.html

http://myindonesiaparadise.blogspot.co.id/2017/03/restrictive-and-non-restrictive-clauses.html

http://warungbelajarbebas.blogspot.co.id/2012/06/relative-clauses.html